( … )

Summary.

(Its All Physics, just like we said). 

( It’s all physics and time )

( … )

AND;

( … ) (Vitruvianism)

Summary: Vitruvianism(man is the measure of all things to man, and the body of marginally indifferent measurements produces commensurability between individuals.

• Commensurability: And because we are marginally indifferent in measurements our measurements are commensurable (compatible, coherent, consistent) ….  measurement, processing(math) ..

=== SCRAP ===

Measurement

1. In the context of intelligence testing, the term “g” refers to the general intelligence factor, which is a hypothetical construct that represents the common variance shared by all cognitive abilities.

   To grasp the import of “g,” we need to examine the concept of the positive manifold. This concept reveals that all cognitive abilities demonstrate a positive correlation; proficiency in one cognitive domain typically correlates with proficiency in others. This pattern indicates a common underlying factor: “g.”

   Analytical breakdown:

   • Inter-correlation of cognitive abilities: Evidence consistently shows that abilities across different cognitive tasks are positively correlated. A person proficient in one area, such as verbal comprehension, is likely to excel in others, like mathematical reasoning.

   • The positive manifold: This term refers to the observation of consistent positive correlations among cognitive abilities, suggesting a single, underlying factor that influences overall cognitive performance.

   • General intelligence (“g”): “g” emerges from the positive manifold as the common factor across cognitive domains, representing the shared variance among these abilities and encapsulating overall cognitive capacity.

   • Cognitive ability scaling: Due to “g,” as it increases or decreases, an individual’s performance across cognitive domains tends to collectively rise or fall.

   • Predictive validity of “g”: “g” is significantly predictive of life outcomes—more so than any single cognitive ability. This includes predicting academic and job performance, among other metrics.

   In essence, “g” operationalizes the positive manifold, offering a quantifiable measure of this underlying cognitive capacity. It is a critical factor for understanding individual differences in cognitive performance and predicting broader life outcomes.

2. In intelligence testing, “g” is operationalized through several core cognitive abilities: fluid intelligence, crystallized intelligence, verbal ability, and mathematical ability: 

   • Fluid Intelligence (Gf): This is the capacity for abstract reasoning and problem-solving in novel situations, largely determined by genetic factors. It is independent of learned knowledge and cultural background, assessed through tasks like matrix reasoning and figural analogies.

   • Crystallized Intelligence (Gc): Representing the use of learned knowledge and experience, crystallized intelligence is influenced by education and cultural exposure. It encompasses vocabulary and general knowledge, tested through vocabulary and general information quizzes.

   • Verbal Ability: This ability involves understanding, analyzing, and manipulating language. It includes reading comprehension and verbal reasoning, critical for overall cognitive capability, typically assessed through reading and sentence completion tests.

   • Mathematical Ability: Concerns the use of numerical and quantitative information, encompassing arithmetic, mathematical reasoning, and interpretation of symbols. It is a key cognitive function, assessed through arithmetic tests and problem-solving exercises.
     
     These abilities are integral to “g,” strongly correlated with each other and predictive of outcomes like academic and job success. They represent a subset of the cognitive abilities that contribute to “g,” with the specific abilities varying by test.

3. While fluid intelligence, crystallized intelligence, verbal ability, and mathematical ability are some of the most well-known faculties assessed in IQ tests, several other cognitive abilities are also measured and contribute to the overall estimation of “g”. These include:

   • Processing speed: This refers to the speed at which an individual can perform simple cognitive tasks accurately. It involves the ability to quickly scan, compare, and make decisions based on visual information. Tests like the Coding subtest of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) and the Symbol Search subtest assess processing speed.
   • Visuo-spatial ability: This refers to the capacity to perceive, analyze, synthesize, and manipulate visual patterns and spatial relationships. It involves skills such as mental rotation, spatial visualization, and the ability to understand and navigate spatial environments. The Block Design and Matrix Reasoning subtests of the WAIS assess visuo-spatial ability.
   • Auditory processing: This is the ability to perceive, analyze, and synthesize auditory information, including the ability to distinguish and manipulate speech sounds. It involves skills such as phonological awareness, sound blending, and sound discrimination. Tests like the Similarities and Comprehension subtests of the WAIS partially assess auditory processing.
   • Working memory: This is the ability to temporarily hold and manipulate information in one’s mind while performing complex cognitive tasks. It involves attention, concentration, and mental control. Subtests like Digit Span and Arithmetic from the WAIS, and Letter-Number Sequencing assess working memory.
   • Abstract reasoning: This is the ability to identify patterns, logical rules, and trends in novel situations, and to use this information to solve problems. It involves inductive and deductive reasoning, concept formation, and the ability to think flexibly. The Matrix Reasoning subtest of the WAIS and the Raven’s Progressive Matrices test assess abstract reasoning.
   • Long-term retrieval: This refers to the ability to store and retrieve information from long-term memory efficiently. It involves the ability to learn, consolidate, and recall information over extended periods. Tests like the Information and Vocabulary subtests of the WAIS assess long-term retrieval.

   These cognitive abilities, along with fluid intelligence, crystallized intelligence, verbal ability, and mathematical ability, collectively contribute to the measurement of “g” in intelligence testing.